Israeli Air Force Experience In Bekaa Valley War

Israeli assembly line multitude take In Bekaa valley War1. The whole world argues whether the fighting among Israel, PLO and Syrians during Beckaa Valley fightfargon should be seen as WAR or scarcely one more than tragic surge in violence in the decades-long struggle between Israel and the Palestinians/Arabs. However, the war fought by the three graphemeies has a capacious impact on a lot of aspects such as engine room, outline and the method apply to conduct the war. This paper studies the war in destination of lessons learnt in modern air battle with central focus on electronic Warfare (EW), phases of changes in Israelis tactic and capabilities and implication of the war on todays modern air battle in term of educational activity, trenchant, storm, command image and communicating (C3) and electronic combat. This also will help readers to have a bun in the oven give and in-depth solid grounds on how Electronic warfare piece of tail be sedulous hard-hitting ly and the importance of certain dodging assets for a nation to halt its self in prox war or conflict. RMAF air tycoon doctrine grumpyised the intent of RMAF during war. Roles played by the Israelis Air stick (IAF) during Beckka Valley war will en competent readers to have best(p) understanding of RMAF roles during war.AIM2. This gallery of the paper is to think over Israeli Air Force experience in Bekaa Valley war in term of covering of modern air force and its relevant lessons to Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). In doing so, this paper pays particular attention to employment of Electronic Warfare (EW) during the war and its relations to roles of RMAF.BACKGROUND4. On 6 June 1982, Israel defense reaction Force invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, would pay off the most controversial military action in Israels history. Operation Peace for Galilee or cognize as Beckaa Valley War was proposeted to meet five Israelis national strategy goals1a. Eliminate the PLO threat to Israels Union border.b. Destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon.c. eliminate Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley.d. Create a abiding Lebanese government.5. The Israelis population consists of Jewish who practice the religion of Judaism bit the Arabs on the other hand practice Islam as their religions. According to their bible (Tanakh) the Jewish were told that they will defeat their enemies and take control of this land no effect who is the foeman. In Koran the Islamic bible the Arabs also was promised the alike(p) land. In 1948, when the Jews formed the State of Israel, the conflict between Arabs and Israelis started and they have fought continuously end-to-end history2.6. Lebanon a country comprises of two major religion groups Catholic and Muslims. It was part of Syria before the French separate it 1861. The Catholic wanted a pro western government however the Muslim wanted a government based on Islam. In 1926 the Lebanese leaders came to a power sacramenta l manduction agreement that the President should be a Catholic while the Prime Minister a Sunni3.7. People Liberation administration (PLO) was established in Jerusalem in 1964, with principal(prenominal) Objective to annul the Israel and gain complete control of Palestine. In Lebanon, the PLO created State within a state gained the support of Muslim population and declared the constitutions of power sharing agreement as obsolete. They collected their own taxes, funded its own school and unionised a military that able to challenge Israelis northern border4.8. The study of Bekaa Valley war must understand why the Israelis invaded. One of the main reasons for the Invasion was, PLO shelling of northern Israel from the end of 1973 till 1982. During this period PLO fill outs to launch 1,548 rocket attacks and killing almost 103 people. Usually, the Israelis responded with air raid, border raid and fore complete shelling as preventive touchstones. In 1978, Israelis started to lose p atient on PLO as a result of failures of their preventive measure. March 1978, Israelis launched Operation Litani with role of driving the PLO north of Litani River in Lebanon and create a 25 KM buffer zone. The purpose of this buffer zone was the have an plain of empty PLO so that they could non launch any rocket attack5.9. join Nation manages to pressure and forced the Israel to withdraw and replaced by its own force. The aim of UN was to maintain peace within the buffer zone and reestablishes the Lebanese government. However, the peace did non last long when the PLO starting to take control and began to advance their attacks on northern Israel borders. On 3rd June 1982, Shlomo Argov Israelis ambassador to the United land was shot by terrorist. The Israelis who wishinged a reason blamed the PLO and at 1100 on 6 Jun 1982 the Israelis defense force launched carrying into action Peace for Galilee6.enquiry QUESTION10. The following question is exa tapd while doing this pape ra. What are the constitute factors to succeeder of Israelis Air Force (IAF)?b. What type off assets employed by the IAF to fall upon succeeder?c. What strategy implementd to cripple the PLO and Syrian by IAF?LITERATURE REVIEWINVASION PLANS11. Israel defending team Force (IDF) planning for an onset of Lebanon began in 1978. The lessons learned from the physical process Litani formed the basis of the Pine guide plan. The onslaught plan comprised of three alternative plans. The number 1 plan called for an intrusion 40 kilometers into Lebanon. Its purpose was to destroy the PLO in the south and their readiness to pressure northern Israeli settlements7.12. The second plan was a more challenging version of the first. The IDF would advance as far north as the region of Beirut. The payoff of this plan was that it would include the PLO training and motional base at Damour, some 12 kilometers south of Beirut8.13. The third and most intriguing plan, called Big Pines, includ ed war against both the PLO and the Syrians. This plan called for the seizing of Lebanese territory including Beirut. Civilian leadership generally favored the first plan. However, Defense Minister Sharon and some high-ranking military leaders favored the larger war of the third plan. The plan that was officially approved remains in question9.COMBAT CAPABILITY14. Apart from planning the onslaught the Israelis also started developing their assets as preparation for the attack. Even though, Israelis mutually beneficial heavily on Ameri shag engine room. However, they manage to develop their own technology. The table bellows bear witness the development of IAF assets from 1973 to 1982 (source the military balance 1973 and 1982).Manpower19731982Reqular15,00030,000Reserve20,00037,000Equipment19731982Combat aircraft488634F-4E ghost95138Mirrage III3524A-4 Skyhawk160174F-1540F-1674Kfir160SAM10 Hawk bty15 Hawk bty board 1 Israelis rapid development of assets from 1973 to 1982RMAF ROLE S15. Air Power is defined as the ability to project military force in air or from flatform or missiles in operation(p) above the fold up nation RMAF primary missionary station is to defend the sovereignty and integrity of the nation and its interests through the straight-laced and effective procedure of aerospace power. In order to carry out this mission RMAF define its roles in air power doctrine so that employment of assets and custody can be implement to the fullest in war10.16. RMAF air strategies pickpocket essentially into four broad roles11a. respond Air role.b. Force exploit role.c. Force enhancement role.d. Force Sustenance role.17. Tables bellow defined the roles in details12ROLESoperationsMISSIONSTASKSCOUNTER tonal patternOCAAirfield gustTo attack Aircraft on ground, Ammo and Fuel dump, C4I, Airfield facilities.Fighter rinseSeek and destroy mobile aircraft,SEADDestroy, neutralise, and degrade Radars and early warning organisations, SAMs, AAA.DCAGAIInterc ept, Identify, Shadow, interpose and/or Force down, or Engage enemy aircraft.CAPEscortscherish FGA aircraft or HVAA.Table 2 Examples of Counter Air roles and its operations and missionsROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKS squelch APPLICATIONSTRATEGIC ATTACKTo destroy, neutralise, degrade or take apartCOG and Vital points.Destroy, neutralise and degrade HQ, key industries, and fielded forces and infrastructures.INTERDICTIONTo destroy, neutralise, degrade, cut or opinion foract LOC, War sustaining and military potential beyond the battlefield.Destroy, degrade, arrest supply depot, HQ.OFFENSIVE AIR SUPPORT (OAS)BAIDestroy, neutralise or delay land forces, LOC, war machines, bridges.CASMARITIME AIR OPERATIONS (MAO)ASuWDetect, identify, neutralise, destroy, ships, mine laying,ASWDetect, adjudicate, track, submarine, mine laying.ARMED RECCEOpportunity tar points within the battlefield.Locating and attacking power office, somatic and facilities.Table 3 Examples of Force application role s and its operations and missionsROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKS core ENHANCEMENTAIRLIFTScheduled services.Movement of personnel and supplies. mobile operations.Airdrop of personnel or cargo.Air logistic support.Distri unlesse or recover personnel and materiel.Special air operations.Insertion and extraction of special forces, leaflet drop, juncture broadcast.Aero-medical evacuation.MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, BODEVAC.AIR-TO-AIR REFUELLING (AAR)Towline AAR missions. allow air-to-air refuelling.Trail AAR missions.AEW C early warning and Surveillance.Provide tuition on enemy activity stomach air picture to AD forces C2, maritime surv.Control of air operationsControl, monitor and direct OCA missions, manage AAR assets, coordinate rescue, assist in navigation.Weapons control.Control fighters, armed heli and GBAD.ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW)ESMSearch, take hold of, identify and locate EM emissions.ECMElectronic jamming, neutralisation or deception of en C2, EM capabilities, acquisition and cigarettei ng and combat capabilities, launching active decoys like ride and flares.EPMSpoofing, inserting erroneous information.ISR OPERATIONSStrategic recce.Strategic warning, entrust info for RD and mechanism ashess acquisition.Operational recce.Weather and geographical recce, defining vulnerable and vital enemy elements.Tactical recce.BDA, combat assessment, tactical threat warning, target imagery.SPECIAL FORCE OPERATIONSUnconventional warfare, direct action, Combating terrorism, special recce, Civil affairs, PSYOPS, Information operations, Counter proliferationCollect intelligence, sabotage, espionage, rescue, target laser designation, path-finding.Table 4 Examples of Force Enhancement roles and its operations and missionsROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKSFORCE SUSTENANCEBASE DEFENCE OPS plate active air defenceDefend from air attack (SHORAD, AAA). antecedent passive air defenceCCD, dispersion, air raid warning, reconstitution, recuperation.Base certificationAnti sabotage, espionage, inse rtion, infiltration.BASE SUPPORT OPSTrainingReceive, Induct, Special skills.OperationsProvide ATC, airfield, rescue, fire fighting, wx and C4I services.MaterialSupply, RD, clothing, refuelling, ammunition transportation, rations.MaintenanceServicing, repair, testing, salvage, refurbish, manufacture.AdministrationOrganising, Planning, Finance, Religious and medical examination services, Welfare Discipline, Law and order and Accommodation.LOGISTICS OPERATIONSMaterialAcquisition, Movement, Distribution, Storage, Maintenance, Disposition.PersonnelMovement, Evacuation, medical exam care.FacilitiesAcquisition, Construction, Maintenance, Disposition, Operation.ServicesAcquisition or Furnishing.CSARSearch, Locate and Rescue.Downed Aircrew or accented personnel.Table 4 Examples of Force Sustenance roles and its operations and missionsDISCUSSION teach18. The lesson learnt from the previous conflict prompt the Israelis to have better preparation for the invasion during the Beckaa Valley War . One of their main preparations was training. The main objective of the training was to get the personnel to know in dept of whats going to happen during the actual invasion. monolithic training conducted at the borders involving numerous personnel and assets. Advancement in technology is key assets to IAF. However, in order to achieve success the IAF personnel drive to understand and have experience in handling this equipment.19. The IAF conducted extensive northern border training exercise which acted as rehearsal for incoming invasion. The exercise was conducted for the period of 13 months which include rehearsal of sorties against simulated SAM-6 target at northern desert. This countless rehearsals eliminate many problems that the planners did not see when drafting the invasion plan. This rehearsal also intended to create planed desensitization of the PLO and Syrians. Fearing the invasion is on the way the PLO and the Syrians reacted to first few training exercises. However collect to the alert fatigue the PLO and Syrians ignored the following training exercises including the actual invasion. legal20. Electronic Warfare (EW) involves action to control electromagnetic spectrum or say energy this action will impede the enemy potentiality or ability use the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic signal Intelligent (electronics intelligence) is a way to gather intelligent by use of electronic sensor. sign on identification is carried out by analyzing the collected parameters of specific signal to know its criteria, this data usually highly classified and protected. The gathered data usually pertinent to the enemy defense network especially the electronic part such as microwave radiolocation and surface-to-air missiles formation.21. As preparation for the invasion the IAF remotely piloted vehicles (RPV) overflew the area where the Syrians position their SAMs. These RPVs collected the intelligence which later used to develop the attack plan. The IAF use two assets in achieve the electronics intelligence mission. The Mastiffs contained gyro stabilized television and high resolution camera which proved its effectiveness in photo reconnaissance. The Scouts is configured to carryout ELINT mission, picked up the radar emissions which enable the fingerprinting of the Syrians SAM radar. Both this assets able to deliver the information picked up directly to airborne or ground command rank for immediate analysis.22. Information gathered by the RPVs proven its effectiveness when the IAF manage to carry out their Suppression of Enemy Air Dense (SEAD) operation accurately and effectively.SURPRISE23. Surprise depends on the initiative and is made more attainable by the versatility of the aerospace power. Where, when or how the enemy is struck is relatively free-lance of where and how and air force are postured Surprise is air power strongest advantage (air Power doctrine).24. During Beckaa Valley war the IAF was able to achieve substantive bewilderment in the invasion because of Palestinians alert fatigue or cry woman chaser syndrome. The planed desensitization of PLO and Syrians worked when the IAF actually invaded Lebanon their ninth exercise and found that no existent resistance from the PLO and Syrians. The PLO assume that, they had developed a deterrent to an Israelis invasion and the Syrians assumed that an attack to their SAM side is too risky for the IAF based on high losings that IAF suffered in previous conflict. Holding element of surprise in hand, along with good plan and precise intelligent IAF achieved success in Beckaa Valley war.COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION (C3)25. C3 technology encompasses the capability to acquire, suffice and disseminate information across the force. The capability must be reliable, provide secure multilevel access, and be protected from enemy attacks. This will get hold of advances not only if in computing hardware and software but in the interconnecting fabric of comm unications.An important point to realize is that C3 is a human race function. The method by which command and control is carried out is the C3 system, which serves to augment the cognitive functions of the somebody engaged in command and control. A complex C3 system is an integrated combination of people, procedures, and hardware used to enhance the ability of the individual performing command and control.26. IAF commanders proved that effective C3 is an important ingredient to success to the full integrate combined armed effort. The IAF projected the role of C3 as the queasy system and the tactical commanders act as the brain. Two main assets that enter in C3 efforts was Israelis version of Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes. The Boeing 707 serves primarily as an electronic support measure (ESM) and electronic counter measure (ECM). ESM involves gathering of information while ECM involve in jamming and deception of enemy communication. The E-2C served as airborne command post, on this aircraft the tactical commanders was able to process real time intelligent, develop true picture of the tactical situation, coordinate its queasy assets with the proper timing, monitor the attack live and assess the effectiveness of the attack. forbiddance OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE27. Once the training rehearsal completed, fitted intelligent was gathered and setup of effective C3 is done the IAF went into action. To make a way for easy air battle its important to IAF to launch SEAD operation which is divided into 3 phases.28. The first phase involve deception which excite the Syrians radar into action. The IAF launch RPVs over the target to re-verify the location of the SAM sides and their radar frequencies. The slow speed of the RPVs did not generate interest of the Syrians who thought another(prenominal) training rehearsal is ongoing. Combined with the ground forces the IAF launches Samsons and Delilahs decoys which received attention of Syrians because of the size and speed of th is decoys similar to attacking aircraft when viewed on radar screen. IAF also launches these decoys in the direction of the sun to degrade Syrians optical guidance system which leaves them to pass along on their radar. The Syrians took the bait as the launch their missiles towards the incoming decoys and increase their vulnerabilities to anti radiation missiles (ARM). The Boeing 707 sensor confirms the Syrians radar was fully activated and when they were on first reloads cycle the second phase was launched.29. The second phase involved a lot of activities into effective annoyment and suppression operation. The Boeing 707 now uses its ECM capability start jamming the Syrians radar. The jamming activites is not only carried out by the Boeing 707 it also involves ground based jammers and airborne jammers located on append helicopters. Artillery fire with the aim of the targets adjusted by image from the RPVs started to harass the SAM operators. The SAM site also bombarded with 105mm Howitzer cannon and the same time the IAF launches bait dispensing rockets to emphasis the jamming technique. With radar screen blind and the operators harassed by the artillery fire, the IAF went into action. The F-4E launches Shrike and standard ARM missiles which homed in on the radar antenna. Once the attack was completed the tactical commanders was able to acquire the stay SAM that need to be destroyed.30. The final phase of the SEAD operation concentrated on destroying the remaining Syrians SAM. E-2C Hawkeyes now vectored the IAF F-16s, A-4 and Kfir through undefended area to carry out attack on surviving radar vans and SA-6 missiles launchers. The IAF use multiple ammunition in this attack such standoff ammunitions, plunk bombs and general purpose bombs. The Syrians tried to fight back with launching the remaining missile, but due to the jamming effect their missiles lack of target acquisitions and target tracking the was ineffective towards IAF high maneuverable aircraft .THE AIR BATTLE.31. The Israelis again utilize RPVs, Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes for the air battle. When the Syrians MiGs takes off from their air field the Israelis commander was able to chequer live image feed through the RPVs loitering over head Syrian airfield. The E-2C Hawkeyes also was able to watch the MiGs takeoff use APS-125 radar which able to detect and track target up to 250 miles and ALR-59 passive detection system able to detect and classify target up to 500 miles. employ this advance technology the controller on board of the E-2C Hawkeyes vectored IAF F-15s and F-16s fighter to intercept the Syrian MiGs. The Syrians used Russian fighter tactic which highly dependent on ground controlled intercept (GCI). However, when the Syrians radar and communication line was pile they were literally become sitting duck for IAF F-15s and F-16 fighter.LESSON LEARNEDCOUNTER AIRx. Counter air defined as the use of air power to deter, contain or defeat the enemy air forces. It ass ures the friendly use of the environment while denying its use to an enemy. Counter air roles can be divided into the following roles.x. Offensive counter air (OCA) To destroy, disrupts or marge enemy air power at their source and prevents them from conducting their own counter air campaign.x. Defensive counter air (DCA) Employ interceptors, escorts, armed helicopters or GBAD against enemy forces threatening to engage own forces or facilities or get through our airspace.X. During the Beckaa Valley war the Israelis demonstrated how to apply counter air role in war. They showed how OCA able to achieve air superiority and subject a getaway for DCA operation where they carried out the SEAD operation.FORCE APPLICATIONx. build up Reconnaissance is part of operation that carried out for force application roles. kick is designed to for the purpose of locating and attacking targets of opportunity. It is a form of interdict against opportunity targets in a designated area or along line s of communication within the battlefield. Control of the electronic spectrum showed how an integrated plan using RPVs, decoys, chaff and anti radiation missiles (ARM) can be used to terrorize the enemy. The ability to control electronic spectrum also will tremendously reduce the losses of friendly aircraft.FORCE ENHANCEMENTIt multiplies the combat effectiveness of air and surface forces and increases the ability of these forces in non-combatant roles. The main operations applied at Beckaa Valley are Airborne Early Warning Command (AEWC) which employed using Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft. Intelligent, surveillance and recce used the RPVs to carry out the mission. Employment of EW using various method, technique and equipment determine the success of IAFThe Israelis demonstrated how the proper combination of air and land operation can cause waste defeat of the enemy. Land based support through jammers, artillery, rocket, and missiles not only contribute but the cause huge da mage to Syrian e SAMs. This action shows how important for the nation armed forces to concentrated all the weapon system ready(prenominal) to achieve one goal.x. Israelis manage all the assets available to them through effective use of 3C they demonstrated in any war the access or denial of C3 can make huge divergence to determine the success of the mission. Having access to real-time intelligent benefited the Israelis to have better situational awareness and denial the Syrians of C3 create confusion within the Syrian forces and this is become the key for Israelis success at Beckaa Valley.x. Capability of having advance technology equalise to your enemy will determine the success of any war. During Beckaa Valley the Israelis is well up equipped with advance technology from the Americans. Even tough, the Syrians are equipped with the Russian technology but it is well known that the Russian was never fully transferred their full capability or technology to any country. The F-15 an d F-16 is way untold superior fighter compare to their adversary the Migs 21 and 23. Losing the C3 causing the MiGs upset direction and become practice target for the Israelis fighter.CONCLUSIONIt is easier and more effective to destroy the enemys aerial power by destroying his nests and eggs on the ground than to bunk for his flying birds in the air. Gen Giulio Douhetx. The Beckaa Valley war is an operation launched to achieve the Israelis national goal. To achieve this goals the Israelis demonstrated how a proper training, outstanding C3, intelligent gathering, control of electromagnetic spectrum and advance technology able determine the success of a war.RECOMMENDATIONTRAININGx. As proven during Beckaa Valley war a proper training will determine the success of the war. RMAF has to plan the training according to the future day involve especially paying particular attention into the electronic warfare. EW had to be implied to all officers and others ranks starting from the can onical training, EW should be included in training syllabus of recruits and plebe officers.x. Theory training must continue with practical training so that when the actual conflicts take place the personnel knows what to do. Currently RMAF are conducting EW training at Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khas (PLPE). However, the training which divided into basic and advance training lack of practical training. Lack off assets is a factor bring factor for lack of practical training. RMAF had to revise the procurement plan so that it will include more EW assets and proper training can be carried out utilizing these equipments.ELECTRONIC WAR FARE SUPPORT substance (EWSC)x. EWSC was set up in 1995 to support the HAWK fleet EW operation. However the operations have not achieved its goal due to insufficient equipment. The F-18D has the capability of airborne self protection jammer but this equipment is only operating within the F-18 fleet. The latest procurement of sophisticated fighter the Su-30 MKM incorporates the advance EW system again this system is operating within the Sus. RMAF will not achieve success on EW if the current trend of acquire is not changed. Every proposal of new EW system need to be studied thoroughly by EWSC and ensure the procurement can be integrated to all RMAF platformsx. EWSC must play more sarcastic role during peace time. Analysis of data captured is critical for usage during conflict. ripe equipment has to be procured to support more advance function of EWCS. Interoperability between aircraft needs to be improved and RMAF had to make a clear requirement for the future needs so that it will tally by the way the war in future will be fought.ASSETSx. When we talk about assets for future conflict before we make any recommendation lets look of what our neighbors haveCountry (Singapore) EW equipmentCapabilityGround SIGINT Operation dependent of comprehensively and systematically monitor communication out to 2,000 KM slightly the IslandAirborne SIGINT Operation2 x C-130 equipped with Israelis technology to carry out SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT mission6 x Fokker-50 marine Enforcer tick off-2 maritime patrol aircraft equipped with modern SIGINT systemAble to carry out EW mission from Australia, Andaman sea, west coast of Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar.Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)40 X Searcher Mark IIIsraelis made Scout UAVAble to carry out toil/mission that risk to human pilot, slow speed and low acumen will avoid radar detection and carry out SIGINT, ELINT and COMINT mission.Airborne Early Warning4 X E-2C Hawkeyes bring out coverage compare to ground radar and able to become airborne command post.Table 2 Singapore EW capability.x. Based on the table above can we determine where do we stand in term of EW? Are we able to defend our nation if we are under attack? These are some of the question that will hunt RMAF if we do happen to have conflict with our neighbors. Current RMAF assets are not capable of conducting EW campaign, even though we do have some EW elements on HAWK, F-18s and Su-30MKM but the usage is very limited. We recommend that RMAF to look into the future procurement list and start listing the following EW assets if we want to achieve success on EW conflictx. UAVx. Airborne Early Warning Command System.x. Ground base or airborne based jammer system.X Protection of our communication line through relative frequency hopping systems